International Journal of Judicial Science Research Studies (IJJSRS)
type: channel
description: The International Journal of Judicial Science Research Studies (IJJSRS) is a prestigious platform dedicated to promoting scholarly research in the field of judicial science. As a leading journal in this field, IJJSRS provides a valuable platform for scholars, researchers, and professionals to share their knowledge, findings, and expertise on various subjects related to the judiciary and legal system. Through a rigorous double-blind peer-review process and a steadfast commitment to excellence, IJJSRS ensures that only the highest quality research is showcased on its pages. The journal covers various sub-disciplines within judicial science, including comparative judicial systems, judicial decision-making, legal theory, and the relationship between law and society. Through its platform, IJJSRS contributes significantly to enhancing our understanding of the judicial process and its impact on society by disseminating innovative research and scholarly work. Whether you possess extensive expertise or are new to the field, IJJSRS welcomes contributions from individuals who are passionate about furthering our understanding of judicial science. This journal adheres to the policies and ethical standards prescribed by the UGC-CARE. Join our community committed to the pursuit of knowledge and excellence in the field of judicial science. Submit your research to the prestigious International Journal of Judicial Science Research Studies and contribute to the scholarly discourse. Join the vibrant and intellectually stimulating conversations that shape the esteemed journal by sharing your valuable contributions. Title International Journal of Judicial Science Research Studies (IJJSRS) Frequency Quarterly ISSN 3049-0618(ONLINE) Publisher Eduschool Academic Research and Publishers Chief Editor Dr. Dakshina Saraswathy Copyright Eduschool Academic Research and Publishers Starting Year 2024 Subject Law Language English Publication Format Online Phone No 0484-2929383, 0484- 2003366 Email I…
publisher: Eduschool Academic Research and Publishers
language: en
publication name: International Journal of Judicial Science Research Studies (IJJSRS)
issn: 3049-0618
items: Preface
items: Gender-Neutral Laws: Reforming the Legal Recognition of Identity and Relationships
items: Reforming Criminal Procedure in India: Balancing Speedy Trials with Fair Trial Guarantees Biju P. Mani
items: The Basic Structure Doctrine at 50: Comparative Perspectives and Its Future Trajectory in Indian Jurisprudence
items: Legal Safeguards Against Workplace Harassment: Evaluating Implementation Of The Posh Act
items: The Legal Architecture Of Digital Public Infrastructures: Consent, Accountability, And Data Sovereignty In India's Aadhaar And UPI Systems
items: Climate Litigation: A New Frontier for Environmental Accountability
items: A Critical Analysis of ‘The Legal Status of AI Entities: Can Machines Hold Rights or Duties?’
items: Algorithmic Bias and the Law: Ensuring Fairness in Automated Decision-Making
items: Corporate Governance and ESG Compliance: A Legal Framework
items: The Intersection of Customary Law and Women's Rights in Developing Jurisdictions: A Critical Analysis of Legal Pluralism and Constitutional Reform in Africa and Asia
items: The Role of Indigenous Laws in Environmental Conservation: Reconciling Traditional Knowledge Systems with Contemporary Environmental Governance
items: The Legal Status of AI Entities: Can Machines Hold Rights or Duties?
items: The Evolving Landscape of Privacy in the Digital Age: Challenges, Frameworks, and Future Directions
items: The Evolving Role of the Judiciary in Safeguarding Minority Rights: A Historical and Comparative Analysis
items: Regulating Cryptocurrencies: Between Innovation and Risk Management -An Academic Analysis of Regulatory Approaches to Digital Assets
items: Exploring the Education Rights of Rohingya Children in India
items: Incorporation of Kauṭilya's Principles in Modern Indian Legal Systems
items: Preserving Privacy in a Digitally Secure World: A Legal Perspective
items: Corrupt Practice in Land Administration: Analysis of the Impacts towards Development’s Prospects
items: TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND BIO-PIRACY: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES
items: Media Trial in the Age of Internet: A Legal Analysis
items: Relevance of ‘Single Use Plastic’ in India: An Analytical Study
items: Protection of Traditional Knowledge by International Legal Instruments: A Review from Legal Perspective
items: Legal Regulations for Ensuring Human Environment and Sustainability Rights in India
items: Role of Smart Contract in Arbitration: A Critical Analysis

Preface
type: item
description: The forthcoming issue of the International Journal of Judicial Science Research Studies (IJJSRS) brings together a rich and timely collection of scholarly works that reflect the evolving contours of law, justice, and constitutional governance in contemporary India. The articles featured in this issue engage critically with pressing legal questions arising from technological transformation, constitutional interpretation, social justice, and institutional reform.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Dr. Dakshina Saraswathy
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-21
publication date: 2025-11-21
doi: 10.63090/

Gender-Neutral Laws: Reforming the Legal Recognition of Identity and Relationships
type: item
description: This paper examines the evolving landscape of gender-neutral laws and their implications for legal recognition of identity and relationships. Through a theoretical analysis of contemporary legal frameworks, this study explores how jurisdictions worldwide are reforming traditional binary gender constructs in favor of more inclusive approaches to identity recognition. The paper argues that gender-neutral legal reforms represent a fundamental shift toward self-determination principles while simultaneously creating new challenges for legal systems previously structured around binary gender categories. Key findings indicate that while progressive jurisdictions have implemented self-identification models that enhance individual autonomy and reduce discrimination, significant variations exist in implementation approaches, creating a complex international legal landscape. The analysis reveals that gender-neutral reforms impact not only individual identity recognition but also broader legal constructs including marriage, parentage, and anti-discrimination protections. This research contributes to understanding how legal systems can balance individual rights with administrative practicality while addressing concerns about maintaining legal certainty and protecting existing rights frameworks.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Legal gender recognition
  topic: keywords
subject: gender-neutral laws
  topic: keywords
subject: self-identification
  topic: keywords
subject: marriage equality
  topic: keywords
subject: human rights law
  topic: keywords
creator: Malavika J
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-21
publication date: 2025-11-21
starting page: 115
ending page: 121
doi: 10.63090/

Reforming Criminal Procedure in India: Balancing Speedy Trials with Fair Trial Guarantees Biju P. Mani
type: item
description: The Indian criminal justice system confronts a fundamental tension between the constitutional right to a speedy trial and the guarantee of fair trial procedures. This paper examines the structural and procedural challenges within India's criminal justice framework through analysis of constitutional provisions, statutory frameworks, and judicial pronouncements. As of 2023, approximately 73.5% of India's prison population comprises undertrial prisoners, many detained for periods exceeding potential sentences for their alleged offenses. Through doctrinal analysis, this study evaluates recent legislative reforms, including the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, and their capacity to address systemic delays while maintaining procedural safeguards. The analysis reveals that while procedural innovations demonstrate potential, their implementation remains constrained by infrastructural deficits and institutional capacity limitations. This paper argues for a comprehensive approach integrating technological solutions, enhanced judicial capacity, and strengthened legal aid mechanisms to achieve equilibrium between expedition and fairness in criminal proceedings.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Criminal Procedure
  topic: keywords
subject: Speedy Trial
  topic: keywords
subject: Fair Trial
  topic: keywords
subject: Indian Constitution
  topic: keywords
subject: Judicial Reform
  topic: keywords
subject: Undertrial Detention
  topic: keywords
creator: Biju P. Mani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-21
publication date: 2025-11-21
starting page: 107
ending page: 114
doi: 10.63090/

The Basic Structure Doctrine at 50: Comparative Perspectives and Its Future Trajectory in Indian Jurisprudence
type: item
description: The Basic Structure Doctrine, established through the landmark Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973), represents one of the most significant constitutional innovations in judicial history. This paper examines the doctrine's evolution over five decades, analyzing its theoretical foundations, comparative constitutional positions, and contemporary challenges. Through doctrinal analysis and comparative methodology, this study explores how the doctrine has shaped Indian constitutional jurisprudence while examining parallel developments in other jurisdictions. The research reveals that despite periodic challenges, the Basic Structure Doctrine has emerged as a robust framework for constitutional preservation, though its application requires continuous refinement to address emerging democratic threats. The paper concludes by proposing a framework for the doctrine's future trajectory, emphasizing the need for clearer definitional boundaries and adaptive interpretation in response to evolving constitutional challenges.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Basic Structure Doctrine
  topic: keywords
subject: constitutional amendments
  topic: keywords
subject: judicial review
  topic: keywords
subject: comparative constitutionalism
  topic: keywords
subject: Indian jurisprudence
  topic: keywords
creator: Nikhil Biju
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-21
publication date: 2025-11-21
starting page: 101
ending page: 106
doi: 10.63090/

Legal Safeguards Against Workplace Harassment: Evaluating Implementation Of The Posh Act
type: item
description: The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013 (POSH Act) represents a landmark legislative framework designed to protect women from workplace harassment in India. This paper critically evaluates the implementation efficacy of the POSH Act over the past decade, analyzing the gap between legislative intent and practical enforcement. Through examination of Supreme Court directives, compliance data, and implementation challenges, this study reveals significant shortcomings in the actualization of the Act's provisions. The research identifies systemic obstacles including widespread non-compliance, inadequate awareness, delayed justice mechanisms, and institutional deficiencies. Analysis of 300 National Stock Exchange-listed companies demonstrates that reporting remains concentrated among a limited number of organizations, suggesting poor compliance across sectors. Supreme Court interventions in 2023-2024 have attempted to address these implementation gaps through comprehensive directions to state and union governments. The paper argues that while the POSH Act provides robust legal safeguards on paper, its transformative potential remains unrealized due to enforcement failures, institutional inadequacies, and cultural resistance. The study concludes that effective implementation requires not merely structural compliance but fundamental shifts in organizational culture, enhanced training mechanisms, and rigorous monitoring frameworks.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: POSH Act
  topic: keywords
subject: sexual harassment
  topic: keywords
subject: workplace safety
  topic: keywords
subject: legal compliance
  topic: keywords
subject: women's rights
  topic: keywords
subject: implementation challenges
  topic: keywords
creator: Amrutha
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-21
publication date: 2025-11-21
starting page: 94
ending page: 100
doi: 10.63090/

The Legal Architecture Of Digital Public Infrastructures: Consent, Accountability, And Data Sovereignty In India's Aadhaar And UPI Systems
type: item
description: Digital Public Infrastructures (DPIs) represent a fundamental transformation in state-citizen interactions, with India's Aadhaar biometric identification system and Unified Payments Interface (UPI) serving as paradigmatic examples. This paper examines the legal architecture governing these systems through the triadic framework of consent, accountability, and data sovereignty. The analysis reveals critical tensions between technological innovation and rights protection, particularly following the Supreme Court's 2018 Puttaswamy judgment and the enactment of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDPA), 2023. Through doctrinal analysis and comparative evaluation, this paper demonstrates that while India has constructed a sophisticated legal framework for DPIs, significant gaps persist in consent mechanisms, accountability structures, and sovereignty protection. The paper argues that the current legal regime, though progressive, requires strengthening through enhanced institutional oversight, clearer data localization mandates, and robust enforcement mechanisms. These findings contribute to understanding how emerging democracies can balance digital inclusion with fundamental rights protection in the era of data-driven governance.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Digital Public Infrastructure
  topic: keywords
subject: Aadhaar
  topic: keywords
subject: UPI
  topic: keywords
subject: Consent Framework
  topic: keywords
subject: Data Sovereignty
  topic: keywords
subject: Accountability Mechanisms
  topic: keywords
subject: DPDPA 2023
  topic: keywords
creator: Simi John
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-21
publication date: 2025-11-21
starting page: 85
ending page: 93
doi: 10.63090/

Preface
type: item
description: It is with great satisfaction that we introduce the forthcoming issue of the International Journal of Judicial Science Research Studies (IJJSRS). This issue assembles a set of timely and thought-provoking contributions that engage with some of the most pressing questions confronting contemporary legal systems—ranging from the accommodation of customary law within constitutional frameworks, to the governance of emerging technologies, and the expanding frontiers of environmental accountability.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Dakshina Saraswathy
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-21
publication date: 2025-08-21
doi: 10.63090/

Climate Litigation: A New Frontier for Environmental Accountability
type: item
description: Climate litigation has emerged as a transformative legal mechanism for addressing environmental accountability in the face of accelerating climate change. This paper examines the evolution of climate litigation from a nascent legal strategy to a sophisticated and rapidly expanding field that encompasses strategic litigation against both governmental and corporate actors. Through analysis of landmark cases including Urgenda Foundation v. State of the Netherlands and Milieudefensie v. Shell, this study demonstrates how climate litigation has redefined legal concepts of duty of care, corporate responsibility, and human rights obligations in the climate context. The research reveals that climate litigation serves multiple functions: enforcing existing climate commitments, establishing new legal precedents for accountability, and creating pressure for enhanced climate action where political will is insufficient. With over 2,900 cases filed globally as of 2024, climate litigation represents a paradigm shift toward judicial enforcement of climate obligations, fundamentally altering the landscape of environmental law and accountability mechanisms. The analysis concludes that climate litigation constitutes a new frontier that bridges traditional environmental law with human rights principles, creating unprecedented opportunities for holding both state and non-state actors accountable for their contributions to climate change.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Climate litigation
  topic: keywords
subject: environmental accountability
  topic: keywords
subject: human rights
  topic: keywords
subject: corporate responsibility
  topic: keywords
subject: judicial enforcement
  topic: keywords
subject: climate governance
  topic: keywords
creator: Nithin J R, Ratheesh Kumar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-21
publication date: 2025-08-21
starting page: 79
ending page: 84
doi: 10.63090/IJJSRS/3049.0618.0027

A Critical Analysis of ‘The Legal Status of AI Entities: Can Machines Hold Rights or Duties?’
type: item
description: This paper examines the evolving question of whether artificial intelligence entities can possess legal rights or duties within contemporary legal frameworks. Through a theoretical analysis grounded in jurisprudential theory and comparative legal analysis, this study explores the conceptual foundations of legal personhood, the requirements for rights-bearing capacity, and the implications of extending legal status to AI entities. The analysis reveals that while current legal systems lack adequate frameworks for AI personhood, emerging technological capabilities and societal needs may necessitate fundamental reconceptualization of legal subjectivity. The paper argues that AI legal status represents not merely a technological question but a fundamental challenge to anthropocentric assumptions underlying Western legal tradition. Key findings suggest that incremental recognition of limited AI rights may be more viable than comprehensive personhood, with significant implications for liability, accountability, and the nature of legal agency itself.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: legal personhood
  topic: keywords
subject: jurisprudence
  topic: keywords
subject: legal rights
  topic: keywords
subject: AI governance
  topic: keywords
creator: Pradip Kumar Das
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-21
publication date: 2025-08-21
starting page: 74
ending page: 78
doi: 10.63090/IJJSRS/3049.0618.0026

Algorithmic Bias and the Law: Ensuring Fairness in Automated Decision-Making
type: item
description: Algorithmic decision-making systems have become pervasive across critical domains including employment, housing, healthcare, and criminal justice. While these systems promise enhanced efficiency and objectivity, they increasingly demonstrate patterns of discrimination that perpetuate and amplify existing societal biases. This paper examines the evolving legal landscape governing algorithmic bias, analyzing recent regulatory developments, landmark litigation, and emerging compliance frameworks. Through comparative analysis of the fragmented U.S. approach and the European Union's comprehensive regulatory strategy, this study identifies persistent enforcement gaps and structural limitations in current legal frameworks. The research reveals that existing civil rights protections, while foundational, prove insufficient for addressing the novel challenges posed by automated decision-making systems. Key findings indicate that recent legal developments, including the Colorado AI Act and landmark cases such as Mobley v. Workday, represent significant progress toward establishing algorithmic accountability. However, substantial gaps remain in transparency requirements, technical standards for bias detection, and effective remediation mechanisms. This paper proposes an integrated legal framework combining rights-based protections, technical standards, and institutional oversight to ensure algorithmic fairness while fostering innovation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Algorithmic bias
  topic: keywords
subject: artificial intelligence law
  topic: keywords
subject: Automated decision-making
  topic: keywords
subject: Civil rights
  topic: keywords
subject: Discrimination
  topic: keywords
subject: Regulatory frameworks
  topic: keywords
creator: Binu Mole K
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-21
publication date: 2025-08-21
starting page: 67
ending page: 73
doi: 10.63090/IJJSRS/3049.0618.0025

Corporate Governance and ESG Compliance: A Legal Framework
type: item
description: The integration of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) principles into corporate governance frameworks has emerged as a critical legal and business imperative in the 21st century. This paper examines the evolving legal framework governing ESG compliance within corporate governance structures, analyzing the intersection of regulatory requirements, fiduciary duties, and stakeholder capitalism. Through a comprehensive review of recent legislative developments, judicial precedents, and regulatory guidance across major jurisdictions, this study identifies key legal mechanisms driving ESG integration and compliance. The research reveals a paradigm shift from voluntary ESG adoption toward mandatory disclosure and accountability frameworks, with significant implications for corporate directors, executives, and legal practitioners. Findings indicate that while legal frameworks are rapidly evolving, substantial gaps remain in enforcement mechanisms and standardization across jurisdictions. The paper concludes that effective ESG compliance requires a holistic approach integrating legal requirements, risk management, and stakeholder engagement within corporate governance structures.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Corporate governance
  topic: keywords
subject: ESG compliance
  topic: keywords
subject: legal framework
  topic: keywords
subject: fiduciary duty
  topic: keywords
subject: regulatory compliance
  topic: keywords
subject: stakeholder capitalism
  topic: keywords
creator: Shajan Chakkiath
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-21
publication date: 2025-08-21
starting page: 61
ending page: 66
doi: 10.63090/IJJSRS/3049.0618.0024

The Intersection of Customary Law and Women's Rights in Developing Jurisdictions: A Critical Analysis of Legal Pluralism and Constitutional Reform in Africa and Asia
type: item
description: This paper examines the complex intersection between customary law systems and women's rights in developing jurisdictions, with particular focus on African and Asian contexts where legal pluralism creates both opportunities and challenges for gender equality. Drawing from contemporary scholarship and recent legal developments, this study analyzes how traditional legal systems can be reformed to align with international human rights standards while respecting cultural integrity. The research employs a comparative analytical framework to examine constitutional reforms, judicial interventions, and legislative measures across multiple jurisdictions. Key findings reveal that successful integration of women's rights into customary law requires a balanced approach that recognizes customary law as "living law" capable of evolution, while implementing robust safeguards against discriminatory practices. The study identifies critical areas including property inheritance, marriage laws, and access to justice where tensions between customary practices and women's rights are most pronounced. Recommendations include comprehensive constitutional reforms that establish clear hierarchies between international human rights obligations and customary practices, enhanced judicial training on gender-sensitive interpretations of customary law, and community-based legal education programs. This research contributes to broader discourse on legal pluralism by demonstrating that effective protection of women's rights requires not the elimination of customary law, but its progressive development within constitutional frameworks that prioritize gender equality and human dignity.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Customary law
  topic: keywords
subject: women's rights
  topic: keywords
subject: legal pluralism
  topic: keywords
subject: constitutional reform
  topic: keywords
subject: developing jurisdictions
  topic: keywords
subject: gender equality
  topic: keywords
subject: inheritance rights
  topic: keywords
subject: CEDAW
  topic: keywords
creator: Sangeeta Taak
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sangeeta Taak (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-21
publication date: 2025-08-21
starting page: 56
ending page: 60
doi: 10.63090/IJJSRS/3049.0618.0023

Preface
type: item
description: It is with great pride and anticipation that we present the latest issue of the International Journal of Judicial Science Research Studies (IJJSRS). In an era where the legal landscape is constantly evolving in response to technological, societal, and environmental shifts, this issue aims to provide scholarly insights into some of the most pressing and complex legal questions of our time.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Dakshina Saraswathy
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-05-21
publication date: 2025-05-21
doi: 10.63090/

The Role of Indigenous Laws in Environmental Conservation: Reconciling Traditional Knowledge Systems with Contemporary Environmental Governance
type: item
description: This paper examines the intersection of Indigenous legal traditions and environmental conservation practices, arguing that Indigenous laws represent sophisticated systems of ecological governance that offer significant contributions to addressing contemporary environmental challenges. Through a qualitative analysis of case studies across multiple jurisdictions, this research demonstrates how Indigenous legal principles such as reciprocity, intergenerational responsibility, and holistic understanding of ecosystems provide alternative frameworks that complement and enhance conventional environmental law. The paper critically evaluates the historical marginalization of Indigenous legal systems and explores current efforts to recognize and incorporate these traditions into formal conservation frameworks. This analysis reveals that meaningful integration of Indigenous laws requires more than symbolic acknowledgment; it necessitates structural reforms that respect Indigenous sovereignty and governance authority. The findings suggest that reconciling these distinct legal traditions creates more effective, equitable, and culturally appropriate conservation approaches that benefit both ecological systems and human communities.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Indigenous legal traditions
  topic: keywords
subject: Environmental conservation
  topic: keywords
subject: Reciprocity
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal pluralism
  topic: keywords
subject: Environmental law
  topic: keywords
creator: A. Vijayalakshmi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-05-21
publication date: 2025-05-21
starting page: 48
ending page: 55
doi: 10.63090/IJJSRS/3049.0618.0022

The Legal Status of AI Entities: Can Machines Hold Rights or Duties?
type: item
description: This paper examines the complex question of whether artificial intelligence (AI) entities can or should hold legal rights and duties within existing legal frameworks. As AI systems grow increasingly sophisticated, autonomous, and integrated into society, traditional legal categories—designed for human and corporate entities—face unprecedented challenges. Through analysis of existing legal personhood theories, comparative examination of recent legal developments, and consideration of philosophical perspectives on personhood and moral status, this paper argues that while full legal personhood for AI remains problematic, functional, limited forms of legal status may be both necessary and conceptually defensible. The analysis reveals that rights and duties for AI entities should be approached functionally rather than anthropomorphically, with legal frameworks calibrated to the specific capabilities, roles, and potential impacts of different AI systems. This paper contributes to the emerging discourse on AI governance by proposing a graduated approach to AI legal status that balances innovation with accountability and human welfare.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Artificial Intelligence Personhood
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal Rights for Machines
  topic: keywords
subject: AI Jurisprudence
  topic: keywords
subject: Graduated Legal Status
  topic: keywords
subject: Non-human Legal Entities
  topic: keywords
creator: Dakshina Saraswathy
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-05-21
publication date: 2025-05-21
starting page: 43
ending page: 47
doi: 10.63090/IJJSRS/3049.0618.0021

The Evolving Landscape of Privacy in the Digital Age: Challenges, Frameworks, and Future Directions
type: item
description: This article examines the multifaceted challenges to personal privacy in contemporary digital environments. As information technologies continue to advance and permeate daily life, traditional conceptualizations of privacy have been fundamentally disrupted. Through analysis of existing literature, this paper synthesizes current understanding of privacy challenges across multiple domains including social media, IoT devices, artificial intelligence, and regulatory frameworks. Particular attention is given to the tension between technological innovation and privacy protection, the limitations of consent-based models, and the global divergence in regulatory approaches. The article concludes by identifying research gaps and proposing directions for future scholarship that may better align privacy protections with contemporary technological realities. This synthesis contributes to ongoing scholarly discourse by systematically organizing existing knowledge and highlighting areas requiring further investigation in this rapidly evolving field.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Privacy violations
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital Environment
  topic: keywords
subject: Data protection
  topic: keywords
subject: Social media
  topic: keywords
subject: Surveillance
  topic: keywords
subject: Regulatory frameworks
  topic: keywords
subject: Power Asymmetries
  topic: keywords
creator: Pauly Mathew Muricken
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-05-21
publication date: 2025-05-21
starting page: 38
ending page: 42
doi: 10.63090/IJJSRS/3049.0618.0020

The Evolving Role of the Judiciary in Safeguarding Minority Rights: A Historical and Comparative Analysis
type: item
description: This article examines the dynamic evolution of judicial approaches to minority rights protection across democratic systems over the past century. Through comprehensive analysis of landmark cases, jurisprudential philosophies, and institutional developments, it argues that courts have progressively transformed from passive interpreters of law to active guardians of minority interests despite persistent theoretical and practical challenges. The research identifies four distinct phases in this evolution: formalistic equality (late 18th to early 20th century), substantive protection (mid-20th century), structural intervention (late 20th century), and dialogic constitutionalism (early 21st century to present). Each phase reflects broader sociopolitical changes and reconceptualizations of equality, justice, and the judicial role. While judicial intervention has significantly expanded minority protections, it continues to face countermajoritarian criticism, implementation gaps, and political backlash. Through comparative analysis of judicial approaches across North America, Europe, South Asia, and Africa, this article demonstrates that effective minority rights protection requires a delicate balance between judicial activism and restraint, contextualized within specific institutional frameworks and historical contexts. The findings suggest that future judicial approaches should emphasize both doctrinal development and institutional design that enhances judicial legitimacy while acknowledging the inherent limitations of court-centered minority protection strategies.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Minority rights
  topic: keywords
subject: Constitutionalism
  topic: keywords
subject: Political backlash
  topic: keywords
subject: Judicial intervention
  topic: keywords
subject: Doctrinal development
  topic: keywords
subject: Minority protection
  topic: keywords
creator: Malavika J
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-05-21
publication date: 2025-05-21
starting page: 28
ending page: 37
doi: 10.63090/IJJSRS/3049.0618.0019

Regulating Cryptocurrencies: Between Innovation and Risk Management -An Academic Analysis of Regulatory Approaches to Digital Assets
type: item
description: This paper examines the critical tension between fostering innovation in cryptocurrency markets and implementing adequate risk management regulations. Through analysis of regulatory frameworks across multiple jurisdictions, this study identifies the core challenges facing policymakers: market volatility, consumer protection, financial crime prevention, and systemic risk management. The research reveals that regulatory approaches exist along a spectrum from innovation-prioritizing to risk-averse, with successful frameworks demonstrating adaptability, proportionality, and technological competence. This paper argues that principles-based regulation, regulatory sandboxes, and international coordination represent promising approaches that balance the dual imperatives of innovation and risk management. The findings contribute to ongoing scholarly discussions on optimal cryptocurrency governance and provide a theoretical foundation for developing balanced regulatory frameworks that can adapt to this rapidly evolving technological landscape.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cryptocurrency Regulation
  topic: keywords
subject: Regulatory Frameworks
  topic: keywords
subject: Financial Innovation Risk Management
  topic: keywords
subject: Regulatory Sandboxes
  topic: keywords
subject: International Coordination
  topic: keywords
creator: Sreeganesh U
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sreeganesh U (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-05-21
publication date: 2025-05-21
starting page: 22
ending page: 27
doi: 10.63090/IJJSRS/3049.0618.0018

Exploring the Education Rights of Rohingya Children in India
type: item
description: The Rohingya refugee crisis has several persons affected by the serious violation of education rights among many Rohingya young people. This essay outlines the many hardships faced by Rohingya children, including poverty, language barriers, statelessness, and limited academic resources concerning protecting their educational rights in India and Bangladesh. While human rights laws provide a global semblance of educational rights, the reality is that the Rohingya child is prejudiced and excluded from official educational systems. This writing examines the legislative frameworks, initiatives, and undertakings directed at the realization of the educational rights of Rohingya children. It argues that the right to education is in itself a passport to a future and empowerment and social integration for Rohingya children. It recommends the measures governments, NGOs, and international organizations can take to help these children access an inclusive and equitable education.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Rohingya children
  topic: keywords
subject: Education rights of refugees
  topic: keywords
subject: Access to education
  topic: keywords
subject: Human rights law
  topic: keywords
subject: Inclusive education
  topic: keywords
subject: Equitable education
  topic: keywords
creator: Indu Panicker
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Indu Panicker (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-02-21
publication date: 2025-02-21
starting page: 18
ending page: 21
doi: 10.63090/IJJSRS/3049.0618.0017

Incorporation of Kauṭilya's Principles in Modern Indian Legal Systems
type: item
description: The foundation of Kautlya, sometimes Chanakya, a figment of a lawyer and political philosopher whose writing commenced in the fourth century BC, is significant in legal and political philosophy. Arthashastra, his foundational works, set the primary notions regarding laws, government, and justice in ancient India. Some of them still exist in the contemporary Indian legal system; his jurisprudence underscored Dandaniti (Rule of Law), Rajadharma (Dues of the King), and Vyavahara (Judicial Procedures). Under Kautilya, Arthashastra' s theories on judicial hierarchy, legal codification, rule of law, and anti-corruption policies are aligned with the Indian Constitution, Indian Penal Code (IPC), Code of Criminal Procedure (Crpc), and Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988. Specifically, it studies how these ideas help develop modern Indian law concerning constitutional law, administrative law, and human rights. This paper analyzes carefully the various court rulings and legislative actions that can bring forth how the notions of Kautilya are assimilated into the Indian legal theory for a robust and fair legal system. This study argues that by infusing Kautilya's principles, the present-day legal systems in India become more valid and effective; it further suggests other prospects for using these principles in tackling issues of contemporary law. Addendum: There is a reference in some court judgments to Arthashastra by the Indian legal system, thusunderlining its historical and cultural importance. However, much of the modern legal approach, especially concerning the individual rights-based approach, cries against Kautlya's tenets. Modern legal systems stress social justice and equality as defined in the Indian Constitution and several international human rights treaties.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Arthashastra
  topic: keywords
subject: Rajadharma
  topic: keywords
subject: Dandaaniti
  topic: keywords
subject: Indian Penal Code
  topic: keywords
subject: Code of Criminal Procedure
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creator: Dr. Renuka. K. C
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Renuka. K. C (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-02-21
publication date: 2025-02-21
starting page: 1
ending page: 4
doi: 10.63090/IJJSRS/3049.0618.0013

Preface
type: item
description: It is with great pride and anticipation that we present this edition of the journal International Journal of Judicial Science Research Studies (IJJSRS), which brings together a diverse array of articles that delve into some of the most compelling and pertinent legal issues of our time. The selected works reflect the journal's commitment to fostering intellectual discourse on topics that bridge historical wisdom, modern challenges, and emerging legal paradigms.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Dakshina Saraswathy
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Dakshina Saraswathy (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-02-21
publication date: 2025-02-21
doi: 10.63090/

Preserving Privacy in a Digitally Secure World: A Legal Perspective
type: item
description: This article examines the tension between state security measures and the protection of human rights in an era where digital technology plays a major role. It reviews national and international legal instruments and case law that set standards for surveillance and privacy. The study explains why governments rely on digital tools to ensure public safety and how these practices affect the right to privacy. The discussion uses key principles such as necessity and proportionality, drawing on sources like the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). A case from the European Court of Human Rights (Barbulescu v. Romania, 2017) is used to illustrate the legal test applied when digital communication is monitored. The article also explores the challenges posed by new technologies such as artificial intelligence and big data analysis. Finally, it offers recommendations for lawmakers, judges, and oversight bodies to ensure that national security efforts do not harm individual rights.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Privacy
  topic: keywords
subject: Surveillance
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital Technology
  topic: keywords
subject: Human Rights
  topic: keywords
subject: National Security
  topic: keywords
creator: Divy Kumar Singh
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Divy Kumar Singh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-02-21
publication date: 2025-02-21
starting page: 5
ending page: 7
doi: 10.63090/IJJSRS/3049.0618.0014

Corrupt Practice in Land Administration: Analysis of the Impacts towards Development’s Prospects
type: item
description: Land is never just a commodity or a means of subsistence; it is a major source of an economic asset, a connection with identity, and social legitimacy which pervasively underpins human activity that usually plays some role prone to corruption. Many conflicts over land grow, and various impacts are identified, but then again, the land itself is often not the sole cause of such impact; maladministration practice also facilitates the problem. Objectives: This paper aims to analyse the impact of corruption in land administration; and assess the maladministration practice of public officials as recognised as sole heavy prone to corruption. Findings: findings show that issues like land disposition/ allocation, Land valuation, land titling/identification, and land Planning use and investment (to mention a few) have major impacts on society since there is much room for corrupt practices to nourish. So, it is concluded that land and corruption are guises in fiction, requiring both individuals and public officials’ willingness to fight against them. Methodology: This article adopts qualitative and quantitative methods to review the existing literature to generate data, explore the bases of corruption in land administration, and analyse the impacts of corrupt practices.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Land
  topic: keywords
subject: Land Administration
  topic: keywords
subject: Corruption
  topic: keywords
subject: Land Corruption
  topic: keywords
subject: Maladministration practice
  topic: keywords
creator: Saphy Lal Bullu
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Saphy Bullu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-02-21
publication date: 2025-02-21
starting page: 8
ending page: 13
doi: 10.63090/IJJSRS/3049.0618.0015

TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND BIO-PIRACY: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES
type: item
description: There have been several foreign insurgencies in India's past. Its verdant landscapes and storied past have earned it the title of "treasure island" in Western perception. Midnight on August 14, 1947, India finally ended two centuries of British dominance. Nevertheless, a fresh "unarmed intellectual rebellion" started with the pilfering of biotic riches and the associated traditional knowledge. This article delves into the nationwide and global legal framework while discussing traditional knowledge and bio-piracy. Additionally, some well-known instances of biopiracy were covered, with India coming out on top in each. To help in the battle to protect TK from environmental degradation, the author provides some specific suggestions towards the final section of the article.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: IPR
  topic: keywords
subject: Bio-piracy
  topic: keywords
subject: Biodiversity
  topic: keywords
subject: Indigenous Knowledge
  topic: keywords
subject: Traditional Knowledge
  topic: keywords
creator: Sanjukta Ghosh
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sanjukta Ghosh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-02-21
publication date: 2025-02-21
starting page: 14
ending page: 17
doi: 10.63090/IJJSRS/3049.0618.0016

Preface
type: item
description: We are pleased to present the second issue of the International Journal of Judicial Science Research studies (IJJSRS), dedicated to advancing the field of legal studies through inspiring studies. This issue brings together a bunch of articles that address a varied range of contemporary legal issues.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Indu Panicker
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Indu Panicker (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-21
publication date: 2024-11-21
doi: 10.63090/

Media Trial in the Age of Internet: A Legal Analysis
type: item
description: Recently, media trials have been in the headlines in India. A few cases have brought attention to the worries that the public's perception of our criminal system and judicial methods might be greatly influenced by the media. Our media was essential in achieving a balance between the conflicting demands for preserving the value of human rights and the objectives of disseminating information to the society. The public is greatly influenced by the social network system especially media which also seems to meddle in judiciary also. The media trial and fair trials are impacted about our legal as well as constitutional rights, has drawn a lot of attention. To make a balance between press freedom and citizens rights. This research article points out the concepts behind the standards in fair trial in media cases through examining how court rulings and public perception have evolved over time. On examination of Media trial in India, it reveals a difficult balancing act between the necessity to preserve the supremacy on our legal system and the importance of right to free expression as guaranteed on Art- 19 of the Constitution. This study examines the function of the media during a criminal prosecution. This essay attempts to explore the importance of media rights especially covering criminal cases. What are the rights upon who work in our criminal justice system have? How do the rights of such people and the media intersect? Additionally, the article attempts to determine how the judiciary monitors media coverage of criminal trials and related resources.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Media Trials
  topic: keywords
subject: Public Attitudes
  topic: keywords
subject: Public Opinion
  topic: keywords
subject: Criminal Justice Systems
  topic: keywords
subject: Rights of Media
  topic: keywords
subject: Media Exercises
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subject: Competing Claims
  topic: keywords
subject: Media Reporting
  topic: keywords
subject: Article 19
  topic: keywords
subject: Mixed-Methods Quasi-Experimental
  topic: keywords
subject: India
  topic: keywords
creator: varsha
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-21
publication date: 2024-11-21
starting page: 32
ending page: 37
doi: 10.63090/IJJSRS/3049.0618.0008

Relevance of ‘Single Use Plastic’ in India: An Analytical Study
type: item
description: The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India notified the Plastic Waste Management Amendment Rules, 2021, on 12 August 2021. To proceed with the spirit of ‘Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsava’, a defining step to curb pollution caused by cluttered and uncontrolled plastic waste is being taken by the country. India banned manufacturing, importing, stocking, distribution, sales and usage of identified throw away plastic items, which have minimal utility and maximum/significant littering potential, all across the country from July 1, 2022. India is a party to the United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA). In total 124 Nations are party to UNEA and India had signed a resolution to draw up an agreement which will in the future make it legally binding for the signatories to address the full life of plastics from production to disposal, to end plastic pollution. Plastics have transformed our day to day life, and their use is expected to continue to rise. There are now 8.3 billion tonnes of plastic with in globe, yet only 6.3 billion of those tonnes are usable. It is our goal in this closing piece to summarise our existing knowledge of the positive effects and negative consequences of plastic usage, as well as what we want to accomplish moving forward. Clearly, plastics provide several social advantages as well as potential technical and medical advancements in the future. It's also important to note that issues concerning consumption and disposal are wide-ranging, including the build up of garbage in landfills and natural ecosystems, as well as health difficulties for animals caused by ingesting or tangling in polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Plastics are made using around 4% of the world's oil output as a feedstock and with about as much energy as that. In the contemporary era of mass manufacturing, packaging represents approximately a third of all materials consumed. This linear use of hydrocarbons via packaging and other short-lived plastic uses is…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Plastic
  topic: keywords
subject: Fossil
  topic: keywords
subject: Single Use Plastic
  topic: keywords
subject: Landfills
  topic: keywords
creator: Sangeeta Taak
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-21
publication date: 2024-11-21
starting page: 49
ending page: 56
doi: 10.63090/IJJSRS/3049.0618.0011

Protection of Traditional Knowledge by International Legal Instruments: A Review from Legal Perspective
type: item
description: Traditional Knowledge (TK), sometimes referred to as Indigenous Knowledge (IK), has drawn interest from all around the world in the past 20 years. The importance of traditional knowledge (TK) in biodiversity protection and the everyday lives of many people, the swift loss of TK and cultural diversity, and the exploitation of TK without sufficient benefit sharing are the reasons for this increased focus. These concerns are being addressed at different scales by nations and cultures around the world. In developing countries, over to 80% of people rely on traditional medicines, making TK an essential element of many indigenous communities' identities and essential to their health and food security. TK also plays a vital role in industrial research and development as well as modern medicine. It improves knowledge of ecological and social variety and helps form locally relevant, sustainable poverty reduction methods. TK and biodiversity have been exploited through attempts at biopiracy, which highlights the need for protective measures due to the economic importance of biological diversity
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Indigenous Knowledge
  topic: keywords
subject: Biodiversity Conservation
  topic: keywords
subject: Biopiracy
  topic: keywords
subject: Convention on Biological Diversity
  topic: keywords
subject: TRIPs
  topic: keywords
subject: International Labour Organization (ILO)
  topic: keywords
subject: Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL)
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Pradip Kumar Das
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Pradip Kumar Das (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-21
publication date: 2024-11-21
starting page: 57
ending page: 62
doi: 10.63090/IJJSRS/3049.0618.0012

Legal Regulations for Ensuring Human Environment and Sustainability Rights in India
type: item
description: It is essential to find solutions for societal issues because of the planet's environmental crisis and its ability to sustain the well-being of humans. In this context, "transformations towards sustainability" gain prominence and institutionalize themselves more deeply in global policy and intellectual discourse. Reorienting and modifying government activities and processes is necessary for transformations towards sustainability. In spite of the many different stakeholders involved in managing the transition, this article examines the role of the legal system in directing the process of change toward a more equitable and sustainable future. The relationship between both strategies has been recognized in several global and geographic regions musical instruments UN subsidiary organization legislation, conversation results records, and court rulings that view in the realm of human rights as a practical mechanism for promoting environmental protection goals. The majority of groups, governing bodies, and even academics have considered environmental deterioration and abuses of human rights as unconnected issues, despite the apparent link between both. Environmentalists have a history of ignoring the effects caused by environmental abuse on human populations in favor of protecting natural resources. As a tactical instrument, judicial intervention can influence behavior, opening the door to transformational shifts. The study provides an original multidisciplinary analysis of representative Indian climate change legal choices situated within the sustainability transitions rhetoric supported by the environmental rule of law, drawing on the social science literature. By examining policies, actions made by human rights and environmental organizations, and rulings from different tribunals, this study aims to outline the association between preserving the environment and fundamental rights viewpoints.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Earth’s Environmental
  topic: keywords
subject: Human Rights
  topic: keywords
subject: Indian Climate Change,
  topic: keywords
subject: Judicial Pronouncement
  topic: keywords
subject: Environmentalists
  topic: keywords
subject: Transformation
  topic: keywords
subject: Rule Of Law
  topic: keywords
subject: Natural Resource
  topic: keywords
subject: Organization
  topic: keywords
creator: Nithin J R
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-21
publication date: 2024-11-21
starting page: 38
ending page: 42
doi: 10.63090/IJJSRS/3049.0618.0009

Role of Smart Contract in Arbitration: A Critical Analysis
type: item
description: Smart contracts are programming programs that, without any involvement of a reliable authority, can be reliably carried out by an internet of mutually distrusting nodes. Smart contracts, which are integrated into blockchains, allow an agreement's terms to be automatically enforced without the need for a third party to be contacted. The advancement of technology has been continuing for a while. Technology's advancement has made it possible for it to enter the legal sector and, with it, the complementary conflict resolution sector. Given this, the writing aims to accomplish three goals. It starts by discussing the arbitral framework, which does not categorically prohibit the use of new technology during arbitral procedures. Second, it looks at how arbitration and new technologies—like blockchain technology, intelligent contracts, large-scale data, intelligent machines, and cryptocurrency—work together. It suggests that whereas advances in technology improve and expedite the resolution of disputes, the arbitration process offers protection to the tech sector and these developing technologies. The key characteristics of blockchain technology that make it one of the most revolutionary technologies today are its decentralization, self-control, peer-to-peer relationships, fixed records, and time stamps. This article, therefore, focuses on the use of block chain technology and its crucial role in the digitalization of land records within the context of India. However, the lack of widespread adoption of smart contracts is primarily due to users' lack of clarity about whether they could enforced as relationships under state contract laws nowadays in operation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Technology
  topic: keywords
subject: Blockchain Technology
  topic: keywords
subject: Contract Laws
  topic: keywords
subject: Smart Contracts
  topic: keywords
subject: Potential Technologies
  topic: keywords
subject: Cryptocurrencies
  topic: keywords
subject: Artificial Intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Arbitration
  topic: keywords
subject: Digitization
  topic: keywords
subject: Indian Scenario
  topic: keywords
creator: M.A.D.S.J.S. Niriella
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 M.A.D.S.J.S. Niriella (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-21
publication date: 2024-11-21
starting page: 43
ending page: 48
doi: 10.63090/IJJSRS/3049.0618.0010