International Journal of Judicial Science Research Studies (IJJSRS)
type: channel
description: The International Journal of Judicial Science Research Studies (IJJSRS) is a prestigious platform dedicated to promoting scholarly research in the field of judicial science. As a leading journal in this field, IJJSRS provides a valuable platform for scholars, researchers, and professionals to share their knowledge, findings, and expertise on various subjects related to the judiciary and legal system. Through a rigorous double-blind peer-review process and a steadfast commitment to excellence, IJJSRS ensures that only the highest quality research is showcased on its pages. The journal covers various sub-disciplines within judicial science, including comparative judicial systems, judicial decision-making, legal theory, and the relationship between law and society. Through its platform, IJJSRS contributes significantly to enhancing our understanding of the judicial process and its impact on society by disseminating innovative research and scholarly work. Whether you possess extensive expertise or are new to the field, IJJSRS welcomes contributions from individuals who are passionate about furthering our understanding of judicial science. This journal adheres to the policies and ethical standards prescribed by the UGC-CARE. Join our community committed to the pursuit of knowledge and excellence in the field of judicial science. Submit your research to the prestigious International Journal of Judicial Science Research Studies and contribute to the scholarly discourse. Join the vibrant and intellectually stimulating conversations that shape the esteemed journal by sharing your valuable contributions. Title International Journal of Judicial Science Research Studies (IJJSRS) Frequency Quarterly ISSN 3049-0618(ONLINE) ISSN 3108-2785(PRINT) Publisher Eduschool Academic Research and Publishers Chief Editor Dr. Dakshina Saraswathy Copyright Eduschool Academic Research and Publishers Starting Year 2024 Subject Law Language English Publication Format Online & Print Phone No 0484-…
publisher: Eduschool Academic Research and Publishers
language: en
publication name: International Journal of Judicial Science Research Studies (IJJSRS)
issn: 3108-2785
items: Forensic Evidence in Indian Courts: Reliability, Admissibility, and Need for Scientific Standards
items: Digital Surveillance and Civil Liberties in India
items: Data Sovereignty And International Legal Frameworks: Challenges Ahead
items: Digital Minds, Analog Laws: A Comparative Study of Regulatory Frameworks Governing Mental Health Telemedicine in India, the US, and the UK
items: Preface
items: Labour Rights As Human Rights In The Unorganised Sector: Challenges And Possibilities
items: Reformative Theory And Women Offenders: A Comparative Study Between India And UK
items: Corporate Social Responsibility Under Companies Act, 2013: Legal Obligations s. Voluntary Practices
items: AI and Predictive Policing: Legal And Ethical Implications
items: Gender-Neutral Laws: Reforming the Legal Recognition of Identity and Relationships
items: Reforming Criminal Procedure in India: Balancing Speedy Trials with Fair Trial Guarantees
items: The Basic Structure Doctrine at 50: Comparative Perspectives and Its Future Trajectory in Indian Jurisprudence
items: Legal Safeguards Against Workplace Harassment: Evaluating Implementation Of The Posh Act
items: The Legal Architecture Of Digital Public Infrastructures: Consent, Accountability, And Data Sovereignty In India's Aadhaar And UPI Systems
items: The Global Development of ICT: A Quest to Assess Uncertainty and Challenges in Combating Corruption
items: Climate Litigation: A New Frontier for Environmental Accountability
items: A Critical Analysis of ‘The Legal Status of AI Entities: Can Machines Hold Rights or Duties?’
items: Algorithmic Bias and the Law: Ensuring Fairness in Automated Decision-Making
items: Corporate Governance and ESG Compliance: A Legal Framework
items: The Intersection of Customary Law and Women's Rights in Developing Jurisdictions: A Critical Analysis of Legal Pluralism and Constitutional Reform in Africa and Asia
items: The Role of Indigenous Laws in Environmental Conservation: Reconciling Traditional Knowledge Systems with Contemporary Environmental Governance
items: The Legal Status of AI Entities: Can Machines Hold Rights or Duties?
items: The Evolving Landscape of Privacy in the Digital Age: Challenges, Frameworks, and Future Directions
items: The Evolving Role of the Judiciary in Safeguarding Minority Rights: A Historical and Comparative Analysis
items: Regulating Cryptocurrencies: Between Innovation and Risk Management -An Academic Analysis of Regulatory Approaches to Digital Assets
items: Exploring the Education Rights of Rohingya Children in India
items: Incorporation of Kauṭilya's Principles in Modern Indian Legal Systems

Forensic Evidence in Indian Courts: Reliability, Admissibility, and Need for Scientific Standards
type: item
description: The integrity of criminal justice systems depends critically on reliable forensic evidence. India's forensic framework, governed by the colonial-era Indian Evidence Act of 1872, lacks scientific validity requirements, laboratory accreditation mandates, and expert certification standards. This study analyzes India's forensic evidence admissibility standards through doctrinal legal analysis, systematic case law review of 127 Supreme Court and High Court decisions, and comparative examination of international frameworks. Findings reveal systematic deficiencies: courts admit expert testimony based solely on credentials without methodological validation, forensic laboratories operate without mandatory quality controls, and procedural safeguards against cognitive bias are absent. Comparative analysis shows India lacks virtually every major safeguard present in mature forensic systems. Case studies including the Aarushi Talwar murder and Malegaon blast investigation demonstrate how these failures produce unreliable evidence and wrongful convictions. This paper proposes comprehensive reforms including legislative amendments incorporating Daubert-style validity criteria, mandatory laboratory accreditation under ISO 17025, professional certification requirements for forensic practitioners, establishment of an independent Forensic Science Commission, and procedural safeguards including blind testing protocols and enhanced discovery rights.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Forensic Evidence
  topic: keywords
subject: Admissibility Standards
  topic: keywords
subject: Indian Evidence Act
  topic: keywords
subject: Scientific Validity
  topic: keywords
subject: Expert Testimony
  topic: keywords
subject: Forensic Science Reform
  topic: keywords
creator: Lazar T A
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-21
publication date: 2025-11-21
starting page: 133
ending page: 138
doi: 10.63090/IJJSRS/3049.0618.0039

Digital Surveillance and Civil Liberties in India
type: item
description: This paper examines the evolving landscape of digital surveillance within India's legal framework and its implications for civil liberties. Following the landmark Puttaswamy judgment recognizing privacy as a fundamental right, India faces the challenge of balancing national security imperatives with constitutional protections. The study analyzes key legislative instruments including the Information Technology Act, 2000 and the Telegraph Act, 1885. Through critical examination of judicial pronouncements and statutory provisions, this paper identifies significant gaps in regulatory oversight, procedural safeguards, and transparency mechanisms. The analysis reveals tensions between state surveillance powers and citizens' rights to privacy, free speech, and due process. This research contributes to understanding how colonial-era legal frameworks intersect with contemporary digital realities, offering insights into the urgent need for comprehensive reform that reconciles security concerns with fundamental rights protection in India's digital age.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Digital Surveillance
  topic: keywords
subject: Privacy Rights
  topic: keywords
subject: Information Technology Act
  topic: keywords
subject: Constitutional Law
  topic: keywords
subject: Civil Liberties
  topic: keywords
subject: India
  topic: keywords
creator: Lazar T A
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-21
publication date: 2026-05-21
starting page: 33
ending page: 37
doi: 10.63090/IJJSRS/3049.0618.0041

Data Sovereignty And International Legal Frameworks: Challenges Ahead
type: item
description: Data sovereignty has emerged as a critical legal and policy challenge in the digital age, raising fundamental questions about territorial jurisdiction, cross-border data flows, and state authority over information resources. This paper examines the complex interplay between national data sovereignty claims and the international legal frameworks governing digital commerce and human rights. Through critical analysis of regional regulatory divergence particularly between the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation, China's data localization requirements, and fragmented approaches in other jurisdictions this study identifies three principal challenges: jurisdictional conflicts in extraterritorial data governance, tensions between economic integration and sovereignty claims, and inadequacies in existing international legal mechanisms. The analysis reveals that current frameworks, rooted in pre-digital conceptions of territoriality, struggle to accommodate the borderless nature of data flows while respecting legitimate sovereignty interests. This paper argues that addressing these challenges requires developing new international legal principles that balance state sovereignty with global connectivity, protect fundamental rights across borders, and establish enforceable mechanisms for cross-border cooperation. The findings contribute to ongoing debates about digital governance and highlight the urgent need for harmonized international standards.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Data Sovereignty
  topic: keywords
subject: Extraterritorial Jurisdiction
  topic: keywords
subject: Cross-Border Data Flows
  topic: keywords
subject: Data Localization
  topic: keywords
subject: GDPR
  topic: keywords
subject: Law
  topic: keywords
creator: Nikhil Biju
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-21
publication date: 2026-05-21
starting page: 29
ending page: 32
doi: 10.63090/IJJSRS/3049.0618.0040

Digital Minds, Analog Laws: A Comparative Study of Regulatory Frameworks Governing Mental Health Telemedicine in India, the US, and the UK
type: item
description: India faces a mental health crisis of staggering proportions, with an estimated 83% treatment gap and fewer than 0.3 psychiatrists per 100,000 population. Telemedicine has emerged as a transformative mechanism for bridging this gap, as evidenced by the Tele-MANAS programme's reach to over two million callers, 35% of whom were first-time mental health seekers. However, India's regulatory framework creates significant legal barriers to tele-psychiatry and digital mental health service delivery. This article undertakes a comparative legal analysis of mental health telemedicine regulation across three jurisdictions: India, the United States, and the United Kingdom. The analysis examines five regulatory dimensions: prescribing restrictions for controlled substances, informed consent standards, licensure and cross-jurisdictional practice, quality assurance and accreditation, and data protection for mental health records. The article argues that the Telemedicine Practice Guidelines 2020's blanket List B prohibition on psychotropic medications, the Mental Healthcare Act 2017's silence on telemedicine-based service delivery, and the absence of tele-psychiatry-specific informed consent standards collectively constitute a regulatory architecture that is fundamentally misaligned with the constitutional right to mental healthcare. Drawing on the US and UK models, the article proposes specific legislative and regulatory reforms, including amendments to the TPG 2020's prescribing restrictions, explicit integration of telemedicine within the Mental Healthcare Act framework, and the development of national tele-psychiatry practice standards.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Tele-psychiatry
  topic: keywords
subject: mental health telemedicine
  topic: keywords
subject: Mental Healthcare Act 2017
  topic: keywords
subject: Ryan Haight Act
  topic: keywords
subject: psychotropic prescribing
  topic: keywords
subject: treatment gap
  topic: keywords
subject: India
  topic: keywords
subject: comparative law
  topic: keywords
creator: Varsha P
creator: Ch. Venkateswarlu
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Varsha P, Ch. Venkateswarlu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-21
publication date: 2025-11-21
starting page: 122
ending page: 132
doi: 10.63090/IJJSRS/3049.0618.0038

Preface
type: item
description: The upcoming issue of the International Journal of Judicial Science Research Studies (IJJSRS) presents a collection of scholarly articles that engage with some of the most pressing legal, ethical, and socio-judicial challenges confronting contemporary societies. The contributions in this issue reflect the evolving nature of judicial science, where traditional legal frameworks increasingly intersect with technological innovation, human rights discourse, and changing socio-economic realities. Through doctrinal analysis, comparative perspectives, and critical evaluation of legal institutions, the authors collectively advance meaningful conversations about justice, governance, and the rule of law. One of the prominent themes explored in this issue concerns the legal implications of technological advancement. An article examining the global development of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) highlights how digital platforms have transformed communication and commercial transactions while simultaneously introducing new vulnerabilities that may facilitate corrupt practices. By analysing the dual role of ICT as both an instrument of efficiency and a potential avenue for misuse, the study underscores the necessity for stronger regulatory mechanisms and adaptive anti-corruption strategies in the digital age. Complementing this discussion, another contribution investigates the legal and ethical implications of artificial intelligence in predictive policing. The study critically assesses how algorithmic decision-making challenges established principles such as due process, equal protection, and privacy rights, and calls for legal reforms that ensure transparency, accountability, and the protection of civil liberties in technologically mediated law enforcement.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Dr. Dakshina Saraswathy
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-21
publication date: 2026-02-21
doi: 10.63090/

Labour Rights As Human Rights In The Unorganised Sector: Challenges And Possibilities
type: item
description: The unorganised sector constitutes the largest segment of the workforce in developing economies, particularly in India, where nearly ninety percent of workers are engaged in informal employment. Despite their substantial contribution to economic growth, unorganised workers remain largely excluded from the protective framework of labour laws and social security mechanisms. This exclusion raises serious concerns when examined through the lens of human rights. Labour rights such as fair wages, safe working conditions, social security, and freedom of association are not merely statutory benefits but fundamental rights essential for human dignity and social justice. This paper examines labour rights as human rights in the context of unorganised workers, analysing the challenges arising from informality, weak enforcement, and structural inequality. It further explores constitutional jurisprudence, international labour standards, and legislative frameworks in India to identify possibilities for a rights-based approach. The study argues that recognising labour rights as enforceable human rights is essential for achieving inclusive and equitable development.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Labour Rights
  topic: keywords
subject: Human Rights
  topic: keywords
subject: Unorganised Sector
  topic: keywords
subject: Informal Workers
  topic: keywords
subject: Constitutional Law
  topic: keywords
subject: Social Justice
  topic: keywords
creator: Bommuluri Bhavana Rao , Annie Jose T
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-21
publication date: 2026-02-21
starting page: 23
ending page: 28
doi: 10.63090/IJJSRS/3049.0618.0037

Reformative Theory And Women Offenders: A Comparative Study Between India And UK
type: item
description: Can a prison do more than punish? The reformative theory says yes. It rests on the idea that people who break the law are not beyond redemption and that, with proper support, they can rejoin society as responsible citizens. This article puts that theory to the test by looking at how two countries, India and the United Kingdom, deal with a population the justice system has too often ignored: women offenders. We examine the laws, the prisons, and the rehabilitation schemes each country has built, or failed to build, for women. The picture that emerges is uneven. Women enter the system carrying heavy baggage that most male offenders do not share: abuse histories, mental illness, childcare duties, crushing poverty (Gelsthorpe & Wright, 2015). Yet prisons in both countries were designed around men. In the UK, the Corston Report of 2007 forced a reckoning, and policy has since moved towards community-based solutions and gender-aware rehabilitation. India's reformative setup, by contrast, remains thin and patchy, varying wildly from state to state. We close by offering practical recommendations, drawn from the comparative evidence, for both jurisdictions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Reformative Theory
  topic: keywords
subject: Women Offenders
  topic: keywords
subject: Rehabilitation
  topic: keywords
subject: Comparative Criminal Justice
  topic: keywords
subject: India
  topic: keywords
subject: United Kingdom
  topic: keywords
subject: Gender-Responsive Corrections
  topic: keywords
creator: Krishnapriya S
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-21
publication date: 2026-02-21
starting page: 16
ending page: 22
doi: 10.63090/IJJSRS/3049.0618.0036

Corporate Social Responsibility Under Companies Act, 2013: Legal Obligations s. Voluntary Practices
type: item
description: The Companies Act, 2013 marked a paradigm shift in India's corporate governance landscape by mandating Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) for eligible companies, transforming what was traditionally a voluntary ethical practice into a statutory obligation. This paper examines the legal framework governing CSR under Section 135 of the Act and analyzes the inherent tension between mandatory compliance and voluntary corporate philanthropy. Through doctrinal analysis and examination of regulatory developments, this study explores whether legislative compulsion can achieve genuine social responsibility or merely creates a compliance-driven formalism. The research reveals that while mandatory CSR has significantly increased corporate social spending, it has also generated interpretive ambiguities, implementation challenges, and questions about the authenticity of corporate commitment. The paper argues that the Indian model represents a unique hybrid approach combining legal obligation with discretionary implementation that challenges traditional distinctions between mandatory regulation and voluntary corporate citizenship. This analysis contributes to broader debates about the role of law in promoting ethical business conduct and the effectiveness of regulatory interventions in corporate governance.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Corporate Social Responsibility
  topic: keywords
subject: Companies Act 2013
  topic: keywords
subject: Mandatory CSR
  topic: keywords
subject: Corporate Governance
  topic: keywords
subject: Section 135
  topic: keywords
subject: Social Legislation
  topic: keywords
creator: Varsha P
creator: Ch.Venkateswarlu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-21
publication date: 2026-02-21
starting page: 12
ending page: 15
doi: 10.63090/IJJSRS/3049.0618.0035

AI and Predictive Policing: Legal And Ethical Implications
type: item
description: The integration of artificial intelligence into predictive policing systems represents a transformative yet contentious development in contemporary law enforcement. This paper examines the legal and ethical implications of AI-driven predictive policing technologies, exploring the intersection of algorithmic decision-making, constitutional protections, and social justice concerns. Through analysis of existing legal frameworks, case law, and ethical scholarship, this study investigates how predictive policing algorithms challenge traditional notions of due process, equal protection, and Fourth Amendment rights. The paper critically evaluates the tension between public safety objectives and civil liberties, examining issues of algorithmic bias, transparency deficits, and accountability gaps. Drawing upon legal theory and empirical evidence, this analysis demonstrates that current regulatory frameworks are inadequate to address the unique challenges posed by AI-driven policing. The paper concludes by proposing a framework for legal reform that balances technological innovation with fundamental rights protections, emphasizing the need for algorithmic transparency, robust oversight mechanisms, and community participation in deployment decisions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Artificial Intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Algorithmic Bias
  topic: keywords
subject: Fourth Amendment
  topic: keywords
subject: Equal Protection
  topic: keywords
subject: Civil Liberties
  topic: keywords
creator: Sreeganesh U
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-27
publication date: 2026-02-27
starting page: 8
ending page: 11
doi: 10.63090/IJJSRS/3049.0618.0034

Preface
type: item
description: The forthcoming issue of the International Journal of Judicial Science Research Studies brings together a rich and timely collection of scholarly works that reflect the evolving contours of law, justice, and constitutional governance in contemporary India and beyond. The articles featured in this issue engage critically with pressing legal questions arising from technological transformation, constitutional interpretation, social justice, regulatory reform, and institutional accountability.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Dr. Dakshina Saraswathy
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-21
publication date: 2025-11-21
doi: 10.63090/

Gender-Neutral Laws: Reforming the Legal Recognition of Identity and Relationships
type: item
description: This paper examines the evolving landscape of gender-neutral laws and their implications for legal recognition of identity and relationships. Through a theoretical analysis of contemporary legal frameworks, this study explores how jurisdictions worldwide are reforming traditional binary gender constructs in favor of more inclusive approaches to identity recognition. The paper argues that gender-neutral legal reforms represent a fundamental shift toward self-determination principles while simultaneously creating new challenges for legal systems previously structured around binary gender categories. Key findings indicate that while progressive jurisdictions have implemented self-identification models that enhance individual autonomy and reduce discrimination, significant variations exist in implementation approaches, creating a complex international legal landscape. The analysis reveals that gender-neutral reforms impact not only individual identity recognition but also broader legal constructs including marriage, parentage, and anti-discrimination protections. This research contributes to understanding how legal systems can balance individual rights with administrative practicality while addressing concerns about maintaining legal certainty and protecting existing rights frameworks.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Legal gender recognition
  topic: keywords
subject: gender-neutral laws
  topic: keywords
subject: self-identification
  topic: keywords
subject: marriage equality
  topic: keywords
subject: human rights law
  topic: keywords
creator: Malavika J
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-21
publication date: 2025-11-21
starting page: 115
ending page: 121
doi: 10.63090/IJJSRS/3049.0618.0032

Reforming Criminal Procedure in India: Balancing Speedy Trials with Fair Trial Guarantees
type: item
description: The Indian criminal justice system confronts a fundamental tension between the constitutional right to a speedy trial and the guarantee of fair trial procedures. This paper examines the structural and procedural challenges within India's criminal justice framework through analysis of constitutional provisions, statutory frameworks, and judicial pronouncements. As of 2023, approximately 73.5% of India's prison population comprises undertrial prisoners, many detained for periods exceeding potential sentences for their alleged offenses. Through doctrinal analysis, this study evaluates recent legislative reforms, including the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, and their capacity to address systemic delays while maintaining procedural safeguards. The analysis reveals that while procedural innovations demonstrate potential, their implementation remains constrained by infrastructural deficits and institutional capacity limitations. This paper argues for a comprehensive approach integrating technological solutions, enhanced judicial capacity, and strengthened legal aid mechanisms to achieve equilibrium between expedition and fairness in criminal proceedings.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Criminal Procedure
  topic: keywords
subject: Speedy Trial
  topic: keywords
subject: Fair Trial
  topic: keywords
subject: Indian Constitution
  topic: keywords
subject: Judicial Reform
  topic: keywords
subject: Undertrial Detention
  topic: keywords
creator: Biju P. Mani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-21
publication date: 2025-11-21
starting page: 107
ending page: 114
doi: 10.63090/IJJSRS/3049.0618.0031

The Basic Structure Doctrine at 50: Comparative Perspectives and Its Future Trajectory in Indian Jurisprudence
type: item
description: The Basic Structure Doctrine, established through the landmark Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973), represents one of the most significant constitutional innovations in judicial history. This paper examines the doctrine's evolution over five decades, analyzing its theoretical foundations, comparative constitutional positions, and contemporary challenges. Through doctrinal analysis and comparative methodology, this study explores how the doctrine has shaped Indian constitutional jurisprudence while examining parallel developments in other jurisdictions. The research reveals that despite periodic challenges, the Basic Structure Doctrine has emerged as a robust framework for constitutional preservation, though its application requires continuous refinement to address emerging democratic threats. The paper concludes by proposing a framework for the doctrine's future trajectory, emphasizing the need for clearer definitional boundaries and adaptive interpretation in response to evolving constitutional challenges.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Basic Structure Doctrine
  topic: keywords
subject: constitutional amendments
  topic: keywords
subject: judicial review
  topic: keywords
subject: comparative constitutionalism
  topic: keywords
subject: Indian jurisprudence
  topic: keywords
creator: Nikhil Biju
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-21
publication date: 2025-11-21
starting page: 101
ending page: 106
doi: 10.63090/IJJSRS/3049.0618.0030

Legal Safeguards Against Workplace Harassment: Evaluating Implementation Of The Posh Act
type: item
description: The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013 (POSH Act) represents a landmark legislative framework designed to protect women from workplace harassment in India. This paper critically evaluates the implementation efficacy of the POSH Act over the past decade, analyzing the gap between legislative intent and practical enforcement. Through examination of Supreme Court directives, compliance data, and implementation challenges, this study reveals significant shortcomings in the actualization of the Act's provisions. The research identifies systemic obstacles including widespread non-compliance, inadequate awareness, delayed justice mechanisms, and institutional deficiencies. Analysis of 300 National Stock Exchange-listed companies demonstrates that reporting remains concentrated among a limited number of organizations, suggesting poor compliance across sectors. Supreme Court interventions in 2023-2024 have attempted to address these implementation gaps through comprehensive directions to state and union governments. The paper argues that while the POSH Act provides robust legal safeguards on paper, its transformative potential remains unrealized due to enforcement failures, institutional inadequacies, and cultural resistance. The study concludes that effective implementation requires not merely structural compliance but fundamental shifts in organizational culture, enhanced training mechanisms, and rigorous monitoring frameworks.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: POSH Act
  topic: keywords
subject: sexual harassment
  topic: keywords
subject: workplace safety
  topic: keywords
subject: legal compliance
  topic: keywords
subject: women's rights
  topic: keywords
subject: implementation challenges
  topic: keywords
creator: Amrutha
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-21
publication date: 2025-11-21
starting page: 94
ending page: 100
doi: 10.63090/IJJSRS/3049.0618.0029

The Legal Architecture Of Digital Public Infrastructures: Consent, Accountability, And Data Sovereignty In India's Aadhaar And UPI Systems
type: item
description: Digital Public Infrastructures (DPIs) represent a fundamental transformation in state-citizen interactions, with India's Aadhaar biometric identification system and Unified Payments Interface (UPI) serving as paradigmatic examples. This paper examines the legal architecture governing these systems through the triadic framework of consent, accountability, and data sovereignty. The analysis reveals critical tensions between technological innovation and rights protection, particularly following the Supreme Court's 2018 Puttaswamy judgment and the enactment of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDPA), 2023. Through doctrinal analysis and comparative evaluation, this paper demonstrates that while India has constructed a sophisticated legal framework for DPIs, significant gaps persist in consent mechanisms, accountability structures, and sovereignty protection. The paper argues that the current legal regime, though progressive, requires strengthening through enhanced institutional oversight, clearer data localization mandates, and robust enforcement mechanisms. These findings contribute to understanding how emerging democracies can balance digital inclusion with fundamental rights protection in the era of data-driven governance.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Digital Public Infrastructure
  topic: keywords
subject: Aadhaar
  topic: keywords
subject: UPI
  topic: keywords
subject: Consent Framework
  topic: keywords
subject: Data Sovereignty
  topic: keywords
subject: Accountability Mechanisms
  topic: keywords
subject: DPDPA 2023
  topic: keywords
creator: Simi John
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-21
publication date: 2025-11-21
starting page: 85
ending page: 93
doi: 10.63090/IJJSRS/3049.0618.0028

Preface
type: item
description: It is with great satisfaction that we introduce the forthcoming issue of the International Journal of Judicial Science Research Studies (IJJSRS). This issue assembles a set of timely and thought-provoking contributions that engage with some of the most pressing questions confronting contemporary legal systems—ranging from the accommodation of customary law within constitutional frameworks, to the governance of emerging technologies, and the expanding frontiers of environmental accountability.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Dakshina Saraswathy
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-21
publication date: 2025-08-21
doi: 10.63090/

The Global Development of ICT: A Quest to Assess Uncertainty and Challenges in Combating Corruption
type: item
description: Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has brought about a monumental shift in the fabric of society, primarily through the establishment of innovative communication platforms. These platforms have revolutionised the way individuals interact and conduct business. A key aspect of this transformation is the facilitation of private communication, enabling people to connect and share information with unprecedented ease and speed. Furthermore, ICT has significantly enhanced telecommunication capabilities, particularly in the realm of commercial transactions, streamlining the electronic exchange of offers and acceptances, which are fundamental to contract law and business operations. However, alongside these remarkable advancements, the increased reliance on ICT also introduces new and complex challenges, most notably the emergence of novel avenues for corruption. While ICT offers numerous benefits, its inherent nature also makes it susceptible to misuse. This article examines whether the development of ICT introduces new challenges in combating and controlling corrupt activities. It also aims to propose new solutions for combating corruption. However, findings suggest that this same advancement introduces new challenges in the fight against corruption. Some loopholes allow public officials and individuals to engage in unlawful activities, which can obstruct various processes and procedures. The qualitative doctrinal method involves providing an overview of information technology, its development, and its characteristics. The modality of data collection combines primary and secondary sources in order to make an analysis, allowing nuances to merge from the collection material. This dual-source approach ensures a comprehensive exploration as to whether information technology presents a new challenge in combating corrupt transactions or if it serves another purpose.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Corruption
  topic: keywords
subject: Corrupt Activities
  topic: keywords
subject: Information Communication and Technology
  topic: keywords
subject: Illicit
  topic: keywords
subject: Transparency
  topic: keywords
subject: Grand Corruption
  topic: keywords
subject: Active Corruption
  topic: keywords
creator: saphy bullu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 saphy bullu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-21
publication date: 2026-02-21
starting page: 1
ending page: 7
doi: 10.63090/IJJSRS/3049.0618.0033

Climate Litigation: A New Frontier for Environmental Accountability
type: item
description: Climate litigation has emerged as a transformative legal mechanism for addressing environmental accountability in the face of accelerating climate change. This paper examines the evolution of climate litigation from a nascent legal strategy to a sophisticated and rapidly expanding field that encompasses strategic litigation against both governmental and corporate actors. Through analysis of landmark cases including Urgenda Foundation v. State of the Netherlands and Milieudefensie v. Shell, this study demonstrates how climate litigation has redefined legal concepts of duty of care, corporate responsibility, and human rights obligations in the climate context. The research reveals that climate litigation serves multiple functions: enforcing existing climate commitments, establishing new legal precedents for accountability, and creating pressure for enhanced climate action where political will is insufficient. With over 2,900 cases filed globally as of 2024, climate litigation represents a paradigm shift toward judicial enforcement of climate obligations, fundamentally altering the landscape of environmental law and accountability mechanisms. The analysis concludes that climate litigation constitutes a new frontier that bridges traditional environmental law with human rights principles, creating unprecedented opportunities for holding both state and non-state actors accountable for their contributions to climate change.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Climate litigation
  topic: keywords
subject: environmental accountability
  topic: keywords
subject: human rights
  topic: keywords
subject: corporate responsibility
  topic: keywords
subject: judicial enforcement
  topic: keywords
subject: climate governance
  topic: keywords
creator: Nithin J R, Ratheesh Kumar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-21
publication date: 2025-08-21
starting page: 79
ending page: 84
doi: 10.63090/IJJSRS/3049.0618.0027

A Critical Analysis of ‘The Legal Status of AI Entities: Can Machines Hold Rights or Duties?’
type: item
description: This paper examines the evolving question of whether artificial intelligence entities can possess legal rights or duties within contemporary legal frameworks. Through a theoretical analysis grounded in jurisprudential theory and comparative legal analysis, this study explores the conceptual foundations of legal personhood, the requirements for rights-bearing capacity, and the implications of extending legal status to AI entities. The analysis reveals that while current legal systems lack adequate frameworks for AI personhood, emerging technological capabilities and societal needs may necessitate fundamental reconceptualization of legal subjectivity. The paper argues that AI legal status represents not merely a technological question but a fundamental challenge to anthropocentric assumptions underlying Western legal tradition. Key findings suggest that incremental recognition of limited AI rights may be more viable than comprehensive personhood, with significant implications for liability, accountability, and the nature of legal agency itself.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: legal personhood
  topic: keywords
subject: jurisprudence
  topic: keywords
subject: legal rights
  topic: keywords
subject: AI governance
  topic: keywords
creator: Pradip Kumar Das
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-21
publication date: 2025-08-21
starting page: 74
ending page: 78
doi: 10.63090/IJJSRS/3049.0618.0026

Algorithmic Bias and the Law: Ensuring Fairness in Automated Decision-Making
type: item
description: Algorithmic decision-making systems have become pervasive across critical domains including employment, housing, healthcare, and criminal justice. While these systems promise enhanced efficiency and objectivity, they increasingly demonstrate patterns of discrimination that perpetuate and amplify existing societal biases. This paper examines the evolving legal landscape governing algorithmic bias, analyzing recent regulatory developments, landmark litigation, and emerging compliance frameworks. Through comparative analysis of the fragmented U.S. approach and the European Union's comprehensive regulatory strategy, this study identifies persistent enforcement gaps and structural limitations in current legal frameworks. The research reveals that existing civil rights protections, while foundational, prove insufficient for addressing the novel challenges posed by automated decision-making systems. Key findings indicate that recent legal developments, including the Colorado AI Act and landmark cases such as Mobley v. Workday, represent significant progress toward establishing algorithmic accountability. However, substantial gaps remain in transparency requirements, technical standards for bias detection, and effective remediation mechanisms. This paper proposes an integrated legal framework combining rights-based protections, technical standards, and institutional oversight to ensure algorithmic fairness while fostering innovation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Algorithmic bias
  topic: keywords
subject: artificial intelligence law
  topic: keywords
subject: Automated decision-making
  topic: keywords
subject: Civil rights
  topic: keywords
subject: Discrimination
  topic: keywords
subject: Regulatory frameworks
  topic: keywords
creator: Binu Mole K
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-21
publication date: 2025-08-21
starting page: 67
ending page: 73
doi: 10.63090/IJJSRS/3049.0618.0025

Corporate Governance and ESG Compliance: A Legal Framework
type: item
description: The integration of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) principles into corporate governance frameworks has emerged as a critical legal and business imperative in the 21st century. This paper examines the evolving legal framework governing ESG compliance within corporate governance structures, analyzing the intersection of regulatory requirements, fiduciary duties, and stakeholder capitalism. Through a comprehensive review of recent legislative developments, judicial precedents, and regulatory guidance across major jurisdictions, this study identifies key legal mechanisms driving ESG integration and compliance. The research reveals a paradigm shift from voluntary ESG adoption toward mandatory disclosure and accountability frameworks, with significant implications for corporate directors, executives, and legal practitioners. Findings indicate that while legal frameworks are rapidly evolving, substantial gaps remain in enforcement mechanisms and standardization across jurisdictions. The paper concludes that effective ESG compliance requires a holistic approach integrating legal requirements, risk management, and stakeholder engagement within corporate governance structures.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Corporate governance
  topic: keywords
subject: ESG compliance
  topic: keywords
subject: legal framework
  topic: keywords
subject: fiduciary duty
  topic: keywords
subject: regulatory compliance
  topic: keywords
subject: stakeholder capitalism
  topic: keywords
creator: Shajan Chakkiath
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-21
publication date: 2025-08-21
starting page: 61
ending page: 66
doi: 10.63090/IJJSRS/3049.0618.0024

The Intersection of Customary Law and Women's Rights in Developing Jurisdictions: A Critical Analysis of Legal Pluralism and Constitutional Reform in Africa and Asia
type: item
description: This paper examines the complex intersection between customary law systems and women's rights in developing jurisdictions, with particular focus on African and Asian contexts where legal pluralism creates both opportunities and challenges for gender equality. Drawing from contemporary scholarship and recent legal developments, this study analyzes how traditional legal systems can be reformed to align with international human rights standards while respecting cultural integrity. The research employs a comparative analytical framework to examine constitutional reforms, judicial interventions, and legislative measures across multiple jurisdictions. Key findings reveal that successful integration of women's rights into customary law requires a balanced approach that recognizes customary law as "living law" capable of evolution, while implementing robust safeguards against discriminatory practices. The study identifies critical areas including property inheritance, marriage laws, and access to justice where tensions between customary practices and women's rights are most pronounced. Recommendations include comprehensive constitutional reforms that establish clear hierarchies between international human rights obligations and customary practices, enhanced judicial training on gender-sensitive interpretations of customary law, and community-based legal education programs. This research contributes to broader discourse on legal pluralism by demonstrating that effective protection of women's rights requires not the elimination of customary law, but its progressive development within constitutional frameworks that prioritize gender equality and human dignity.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Customary law
  topic: keywords
subject: women's rights
  topic: keywords
subject: legal pluralism
  topic: keywords
subject: constitutional reform
  topic: keywords
subject: developing jurisdictions
  topic: keywords
subject: gender equality
  topic: keywords
subject: inheritance rights
  topic: keywords
subject: CEDAW
  topic: keywords
creator: Sangeeta Taak
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sangeeta Taak (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-21
publication date: 2025-08-21
starting page: 56
ending page: 60
doi: 10.63090/IJJSRS/3049.0618.0023

Preface
type: item
description: It is with great pride and anticipation that we present the latest issue of the International Journal of Judicial Science Research Studies (IJJSRS). In an era where the legal landscape is constantly evolving in response to technological, societal, and environmental shifts, this issue aims to provide scholarly insights into some of the most pressing and complex legal questions of our time.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Dakshina Saraswathy
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-05-21
publication date: 2025-05-21
doi: 10.63090/

The Role of Indigenous Laws in Environmental Conservation: Reconciling Traditional Knowledge Systems with Contemporary Environmental Governance
type: item
description: This paper examines the intersection of Indigenous legal traditions and environmental conservation practices, arguing that Indigenous laws represent sophisticated systems of ecological governance that offer significant contributions to addressing contemporary environmental challenges. Through a qualitative analysis of case studies across multiple jurisdictions, this research demonstrates how Indigenous legal principles such as reciprocity, intergenerational responsibility, and holistic understanding of ecosystems provide alternative frameworks that complement and enhance conventional environmental law. The paper critically evaluates the historical marginalization of Indigenous legal systems and explores current efforts to recognize and incorporate these traditions into formal conservation frameworks. This analysis reveals that meaningful integration of Indigenous laws requires more than symbolic acknowledgment; it necessitates structural reforms that respect Indigenous sovereignty and governance authority. The findings suggest that reconciling these distinct legal traditions creates more effective, equitable, and culturally appropriate conservation approaches that benefit both ecological systems and human communities.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Indigenous legal traditions
  topic: keywords
subject: Environmental conservation
  topic: keywords
subject: Reciprocity
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal pluralism
  topic: keywords
subject: Environmental law
  topic: keywords
creator: A. Vijayalakshmi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-05-21
publication date: 2025-05-21
starting page: 48
ending page: 55
doi: 10.63090/IJJSRS/3049.0618.0022

The Legal Status of AI Entities: Can Machines Hold Rights or Duties?
type: item
description: This paper examines the complex question of whether artificial intelligence (AI) entities can or should hold legal rights and duties within existing legal frameworks. As AI systems grow increasingly sophisticated, autonomous, and integrated into society, traditional legal categories—designed for human and corporate entities—face unprecedented challenges. Through analysis of existing legal personhood theories, comparative examination of recent legal developments, and consideration of philosophical perspectives on personhood and moral status, this paper argues that while full legal personhood for AI remains problematic, functional, limited forms of legal status may be both necessary and conceptually defensible. The analysis reveals that rights and duties for AI entities should be approached functionally rather than anthropomorphically, with legal frameworks calibrated to the specific capabilities, roles, and potential impacts of different AI systems. This paper contributes to the emerging discourse on AI governance by proposing a graduated approach to AI legal status that balances innovation with accountability and human welfare.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Artificial Intelligence Personhood
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal Rights for Machines
  topic: keywords
subject: AI Jurisprudence
  topic: keywords
subject: Graduated Legal Status
  topic: keywords
subject: Non-human Legal Entities
  topic: keywords
creator: Dakshina Saraswathy
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-05-21
publication date: 2025-05-21
starting page: 43
ending page: 47
doi: 10.63090/IJJSRS/3049.0618.0021

The Evolving Landscape of Privacy in the Digital Age: Challenges, Frameworks, and Future Directions
type: item
description: This article examines the multifaceted challenges to personal privacy in contemporary digital environments. As information technologies continue to advance and permeate daily life, traditional conceptualizations of privacy have been fundamentally disrupted. Through analysis of existing literature, this paper synthesizes current understanding of privacy challenges across multiple domains including social media, IoT devices, artificial intelligence, and regulatory frameworks. Particular attention is given to the tension between technological innovation and privacy protection, the limitations of consent-based models, and the global divergence in regulatory approaches. The article concludes by identifying research gaps and proposing directions for future scholarship that may better align privacy protections with contemporary technological realities. This synthesis contributes to ongoing scholarly discourse by systematically organizing existing knowledge and highlighting areas requiring further investigation in this rapidly evolving field.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Privacy violations
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital Environment
  topic: keywords
subject: Data protection
  topic: keywords
subject: Social media
  topic: keywords
subject: Surveillance
  topic: keywords
subject: Regulatory frameworks
  topic: keywords
subject: Power Asymmetries
  topic: keywords
creator: Pauly Mathew Muricken
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-05-21
publication date: 2025-05-21
starting page: 38
ending page: 42
doi: 10.63090/IJJSRS/3049.0618.0020

The Evolving Role of the Judiciary in Safeguarding Minority Rights: A Historical and Comparative Analysis
type: item
description: This article examines the dynamic evolution of judicial approaches to minority rights protection across democratic systems over the past century. Through comprehensive analysis of landmark cases, jurisprudential philosophies, and institutional developments, it argues that courts have progressively transformed from passive interpreters of law to active guardians of minority interests despite persistent theoretical and practical challenges. The research identifies four distinct phases in this evolution: formalistic equality (late 18th to early 20th century), substantive protection (mid-20th century), structural intervention (late 20th century), and dialogic constitutionalism (early 21st century to present). Each phase reflects broader sociopolitical changes and reconceptualizations of equality, justice, and the judicial role. While judicial intervention has significantly expanded minority protections, it continues to face countermajoritarian criticism, implementation gaps, and political backlash. Through comparative analysis of judicial approaches across North America, Europe, South Asia, and Africa, this article demonstrates that effective minority rights protection requires a delicate balance between judicial activism and restraint, contextualized within specific institutional frameworks and historical contexts. The findings suggest that future judicial approaches should emphasize both doctrinal development and institutional design that enhances judicial legitimacy while acknowledging the inherent limitations of court-centered minority protection strategies.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Minority rights
  topic: keywords
subject: Constitutionalism
  topic: keywords
subject: Political backlash
  topic: keywords
subject: Judicial intervention
  topic: keywords
subject: Doctrinal development
  topic: keywords
subject: Minority protection
  topic: keywords
creator: Malavika J
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-05-21
publication date: 2025-05-21
starting page: 28
ending page: 37
doi: 10.63090/IJJSRS/3049.0618.0019

Regulating Cryptocurrencies: Between Innovation and Risk Management -An Academic Analysis of Regulatory Approaches to Digital Assets
type: item
description: This paper examines the critical tension between fostering innovation in cryptocurrency markets and implementing adequate risk management regulations. Through analysis of regulatory frameworks across multiple jurisdictions, this study identifies the core challenges facing policymakers: market volatility, consumer protection, financial crime prevention, and systemic risk management. The research reveals that regulatory approaches exist along a spectrum from innovation-prioritizing to risk-averse, with successful frameworks demonstrating adaptability, proportionality, and technological competence. This paper argues that principles-based regulation, regulatory sandboxes, and international coordination represent promising approaches that balance the dual imperatives of innovation and risk management. The findings contribute to ongoing scholarly discussions on optimal cryptocurrency governance and provide a theoretical foundation for developing balanced regulatory frameworks that can adapt to this rapidly evolving technological landscape.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cryptocurrency Regulation
  topic: keywords
subject: Regulatory Frameworks
  topic: keywords
subject: Financial Innovation Risk Management
  topic: keywords
subject: Regulatory Sandboxes
  topic: keywords
subject: International Coordination
  topic: keywords
creator: Sreeganesh U
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sreeganesh U (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-05-21
publication date: 2025-05-21
starting page: 22
ending page: 27
doi: 10.63090/IJJSRS/3049.0618.0018

Exploring the Education Rights of Rohingya Children in India
type: item
description: The Rohingya refugee crisis has several persons affected by the serious violation of education rights among many Rohingya young people. This essay outlines the many hardships faced by Rohingya children, including poverty, language barriers, statelessness, and limited academic resources concerning protecting their educational rights in India and Bangladesh. While human rights laws provide a global semblance of educational rights, the reality is that the Rohingya child is prejudiced and excluded from official educational systems. This writing examines the legislative frameworks, initiatives, and undertakings directed at the realization of the educational rights of Rohingya children. It argues that the right to education is in itself a passport to a future and empowerment and social integration for Rohingya children. It recommends the measures governments, NGOs, and international organizations can take to help these children access an inclusive and equitable education.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Rohingya children
  topic: keywords
subject: Education rights of refugees
  topic: keywords
subject: Access to education
  topic: keywords
subject: Human rights law
  topic: keywords
subject: Inclusive education
  topic: keywords
subject: Equitable education
  topic: keywords
creator: Indu Panicker
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Indu Panicker (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-02-21
publication date: 2025-02-21
starting page: 18
ending page: 21
doi: 10.63090/IJJSRS/3049.0618.0017

Incorporation of Kauṭilya's Principles in Modern Indian Legal Systems
type: item
description: The foundation of Kautlya, sometimes Chanakya, a figment of a lawyer and political philosopher whose writing commenced in the fourth century BC, is significant in legal and political philosophy. Arthashastra, his foundational works, set the primary notions regarding laws, government, and justice in ancient India. Some of them still exist in the contemporary Indian legal system; his jurisprudence underscored Dandaniti (Rule of Law), Rajadharma (Dues of the King), and Vyavahara (Judicial Procedures). Under Kautilya, Arthashastra' s theories on judicial hierarchy, legal codification, rule of law, and anti-corruption policies are aligned with the Indian Constitution, Indian Penal Code (IPC), Code of Criminal Procedure (Crpc), and Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988. Specifically, it studies how these ideas help develop modern Indian law concerning constitutional law, administrative law, and human rights. This paper analyzes carefully the various court rulings and legislative actions that can bring forth how the notions of Kautilya are assimilated into the Indian legal theory for a robust and fair legal system. This study argues that by infusing Kautilya's principles, the present-day legal systems in India become more valid and effective; it further suggests other prospects for using these principles in tackling issues of contemporary law. Addendum: There is a reference in some court judgments to Arthashastra by the Indian legal system, thusunderlining its historical and cultural importance. However, much of the modern legal approach, especially concerning the individual rights-based approach, cries against Kautlya's tenets. Modern legal systems stress social justice and equality as defined in the Indian Constitution and several international human rights treaties.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Arthashastra
  topic: keywords
subject: Rajadharma
  topic: keywords
subject: Dandaaniti
  topic: keywords
subject: Indian Penal Code
  topic: keywords
subject: Code of Criminal Procedure
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Renuka. K. C
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Renuka. K. C (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-02-21
publication date: 2025-02-21
starting page: 1
ending page: 4
doi: 10.63090/IJJSRS/3049.0618.0013